Articles - Technical Design
Biodiversity Net Gain (BNG) has become an essential goal in modern landscape design. As global biodiversity faces increasing threats from urbanization and development, architects have a unique role in ensuring that new projects not only minimize environmental damage but actively enhance the local ecosystem. BNG focuses on leaving a site with improved biodiversity post-development.
Here we discuss the five key ways architects can approach BNG during the design process including:
Incorporating BNG starts with understanding the ecological value of the site before any design work begins. Early engagement with ecologists and environmental consultants is critical. This initial assessment will help identify the existing habitats and species, any sensitive areas that need protection, and opportunities for biodiversity enhancement.
Architects should collaborate with ecologists to ensure that their designs complement and enhance natural ecosystems. For instance, they might adjust the layout to preserve mature trees, wetlands, or wildlife corridors rather than clear them for construction. By considering biodiversity early, architects can ensure that BNG targets are integrated into the core of the project’s vision. Thoughtful placement of buildings, roads, and public spaces can prevent habitat fragmentation and create new opportunities for wildlife.
The selection of plant species is one of the most direct ways an architect can influence biodiversity. Using native plants, which are naturally suited to the local climate and soil, helps support local wildlife and ecosystems. Native species are more resilient and require fewer resources like water and fertilizers, making them a sustainable choice.
Diverse planting schemes also help create varied habitats for a range of species. By designing green spaces with a mix of trees, shrubs, and ground cover, architects can support everything from pollinators like bees and butterflies to birds and small mammals. For example, incorporating flowering meadows in open spaces or along pathways will provide essential food sources for insects throughout the year. Introducing species that bloom at different times of the year ensures continuous support for local wildlife.
Urban development often fragments habitats, isolating species and reducing biodiversity. One of the most impactful ways architects can address this is by designing landscapes that promote habitat connectivity. Linking green spaces within the development to larger, regional ecological networks allows species to move between areas, maintaining healthy ecosystems.
To achieve this, architects can integrate ecological corridors like hedgerows, tree-lined streets, or wildlife-friendly bridges between green spaces. Incorporating green infrastructure, such as green roofs, living walls, and rain gardens, can increase habitat opportunities even in urban environments. These features not only contribute to biodiversity but also help manage stormwater and reduce the urban heat island effect.
In larger developments, sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) can be designed to serve dual purposes—managing water runoff while also creating aquatic habitats that attract a range of species, from amphibians to birds.
Water is a vital resource for many species, and adding water features can significantly enhance biodiversity. Designing ponds, wetlands, and natural water management systems into a project not only creates aesthetically pleasing landscapes but also provides essential habitats for wildlife.
Architects can design wetlands or ponds as central features in public spaces, offering both ecological benefits and visual appeal. These water features support a range of species, from amphibians to aquatic plants and insects. Integrating natural watercourses or constructing artificial ones also supports local wildlife. When paired with native plants along the margins, these water bodies become thriving ecosystems.
Even in urban environments, water features such as rain gardens or retention ponds can offer vital ecological support. By redirecting and storing rainwater, architects can create moist habitats for plants and animals, which can otherwise struggle to survive in densely developed areas.
Achieving BNG is not just about design; it’s also about ensuring that biodiversity enhancements are maintained over time. A key part of any project should include long-term plans for the maintenance and monitoring of green spaces. Without proper care, biodiversity improvements can quickly be lost as plantings die off or habitats become degraded.
Architects can help ensure long-term biodiversity success by specifying clear management guidelines in their designs. This could include advising on the best times for mowing meadows to benefit pollinators, or how often green roofs and walls should be inspected and maintained. Partnering with landscape managers and ecologists can create adaptive management plans that monitor biodiversity levels and adjust maintenance practices as needed.
Community engagement can also play a role in the long-term sustainability of a project. Architects can design spaces that invite public interaction with biodiversity, such as educational gardens or community planting days, fostering a sense of shared responsibility for the health of local ecosystems.
Architects are in a unique position to influence how landscapes are designed and managed for Biodiversity Net Gain. By integrating ecological assessments, emphasizing native and diverse plant species, designing for habitat connectivity, incorporating water features, and planning for long-term management, architects can transform development projects into opportunities to enhance and sustain biodiversity. As urbanization continues to grow, incorporating these strategies will not only help meet BNG goals but also create healthier, more resilient environments for both people and nature.
